History Remarkable Women

Laura Bassi (Remarkable Women #60)

Early life

Laura Bassi was born in 1711 in Bologna, to prosperous lawyer Giuseppe Bassi and his wife Maria Rosa Cesari The exact date of her birth is given variously as 20 October, 29 October, 31 October and 29 November. But the University of Bologna and scholarly works agree on 29 October.

Laura was privately educated. Her cousin Father Lorenzo Stegani taught her Latin, French, and mathematics from age five. Stegani not only taught her to read Latin, as was more typical, but also taught Laura to speak and write in Latin.

From the age of thirteen to twenty she was taught philosophy, metaphysics, logic and natural philosophy by Gaetano Tacconi, the family physician and professor of medicine at the University of Bologna.

Laura and Tacconi began to drift apart after she discovered an interest in Newtonian science, despite Tacconi‘s preference for her to focus on the less controversial Cartesian teachings.

Laura‘s education and intellect was noticed by Prospero Lorenzini Lambertini, who became the Archbishop of Bologna in 1731 (later Pope Benedict XIV). Lambertini became the official patron of Laura. He arranged for a public debate between Laura and four professors from the University of Bologna on 17 April 1732. (Gabriele Manfredi, Jacopo Bartolomeo Beccari and Francesco Maria Zanotti took part).

In 1732, Laura, aged twenty, publicly defended her forty-nine theses on Philosophica Studia at the Sala degli Anziani of the Palazzo Pubblico. The University of Bologna awarded her a doctorate degree on 12 May. She became the first woman to receive a doctorate in science and the second woman in the world to earn a philosophy doctorate after Elena Cornaro Piscopia in 1678, fifty-four years prior. Laura was by then popularly known as Bolognese Minerva. She became the first woman elected to the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna on 20 March 1732.

On 7 February 1738, Laura married Giuseppe Veratti, a doctor of medicine and a fellow lecturer in anatomy at the University of Bologna. They shared a sophisticated working relationship; it is argued that through their marriage Laura was inspired to begin studying experimental physics.

The exact number of their children is not clear, as some reports say it is eight, while others say twelve.

Baptismal records held only eight. Caterina (born 1739), Caterina (born 1742) and Flaminio (born 1751) died in infancy. But five survived infancy: Giovanni (1738–1800), who became a canon of San Petronio and professor of theology in the Collegio Montalto, Ciro (1744–1827), Caterina (1745–1768), who became a nun, Giacomo (1749–1818), who became a canon and Paolo (1753–1831), who became a doctor and professor of experimental physics at the Institute of Science and the only one to produce heirs.

Career

On 27 June 1732, Laura defended twelve additional theses at the Archiginnasio, the main building of the University of Bologna. This was a petition for a teaching position to the Senate of the university. Her theses covered a wide range of subjects such as chemistry, physics, hydraulics, mathematics, mechanics and techniques. On 29 October 1732, the Senate and the University of Bologna granted Laura‘s candidature and was appointed professor of natural philosophy (modern equivalent of honorary position) in December. She became the first salaried woman lecturer in the world, thus beginning her academic career.

The first lecture Laura gave was titled “De aqua corpore naturali elemento aliorum corporum parte universi“, which can roughly be translated from Latin as, “Water as a natural element of all other bodies”. The University, however, still held that women were to lead private lives, so she was more restricted than male teachers from delivering public lectures.

From 1746 to 1777 she gave only one formal dissertation per year ranging in topic from the problem of gravity to electricity. It is reported that she gave at least thirty-one dissertations to the university. In 1739 Laura‘s plea for normal teaching duty was supported by Lambertini and Flamino Scarselli, the secretary to the Bolognese ambassador at the papal court. She was again denied, but she was allowed to start private lessons and granted funds for experiments at her home in 1759. This allowed her to avoid the constraints of the university and to explore new ideas.

The Senate expected Laura to attend various events because she was a symbol and political figure. The Carnival Anatomy, a public dissection with tickets open to anyone, was an event she was expected to attend because it was a central feature of public life at the university which attracted the attention of many foreigners and important community members. She began attending this event annually in 1734.

In 1772, Paolo Balbi, professor of experimental physics, died suddenly. Although Laura‘s husband Verratti was Balbi‘s longtime assistant, Laura believed she could fill the vacancy, and in 1776, at the age of 65, she was appointed to the Chair of Experimental Physics by the Bologna Institute of Sciences, with her husband as a teaching assistant.

Correspondence

The defense of her degree, awarding ceremony and first lecture in 1732 were significant as they took place in the Palazzo Pubblico, one of the most important government buildings in Bologna. These events were attended by “not only the university faculty and students, but also by principal political and religious figures of the city – the Papal legate and vice-legate, the Archbishop of Bologna, the Gonfaloniere, the Elders, senators and magistrates. Additionally, ‘all the ladies of Bologna and all the nobility’.”

One of her most important patrons was Cardinal Prospero Lambertini, who encouraged her scientific work. He continually supported the University of Bologna and intervened when other members of the institute tried to segregate Laura from the rest of the professors.

In 1745, Lambertini (now Pope Benedict XIV) established an elite group of 25 scholars known as the Benedettini (“Benedictines”, named after himself.) Laura pressed hard to be appointed to this group, but there was a mixed reaction from the other academics. Ultimately, Benedict did appoint her as an additional member, the only woman in the group, but without voting rights as the men.

Only a limited number of her scientific works survive, but her scientific impact is evident through her many correspondents including Voltaire, Cesare Beccaria, Francesco Algarotti, Roger Boscovich, Charles Bonnet, Jean-Antoine Nollet, Paolo Frisi, Lazzaro Spallanzani and Alessandro Volta.

Voltaire once wrote to her saying, “There is no Bassi in London, and I would be much happier to be added to your Academy of Bologna than that of the English, even though it has produced a Newton”.[18]

Francesco Algarotti who published his Neutonianismo per le dame (“Newtonism for Ladies”) in 1737 wrote several poems regarding her degree ceremonies.

Death

Laura died on 20 February 1778 at the age of 66. She had deteriorating health attributed to her many pregnancies and childbirth complications. The cause of her death was recorded as attacco di petto (an “attack in the chest”, likely heart attack).

Her funeral was held at the Church of Corpus Domini, Bologna, where silver laurels were put on her head and she was paid tribute by members of the Benedettina. She was interred in the church in Via Tagliapietre, in front of the tomb of her fellow scientist Luigi Galvani.

Honors & awards

A bronze medal was awarded to Laura by painter Domenico Maria Fratta and engraver Antonio Lazzari, to celebrate her first series of classes titled “Pubblica Docente e Collegiata”. The medal displayed Laura‘s image on one side, and on the other, the phrase “Soli cui fas vidisse Minervam”. The phrase can roughly be translated to, “Only you can see Minerva”.[10]

After her death, a marble statue was made in her memory and placed above the Nautical Room in the institute.

She was an elected member of many literary societies and carried on an extensive correspondence with the most eminent European men of letters. She had membership in Accademia delle Scienze dell’Instituto di Bologna (1732), Accademia dei Dissonanti di Modena (1732), Universitá degli Apastiti, Firenze (1732), Accademia degli Arcadi di Roma (1737), Accademia dei Fluttuanti di Finale di Modena (1745), Accademia degli Ipocondriaci di Reggio Emilia (1750), Accademia degli Ardenti di Bologna (1752), Accademia degli Agiati di Rovereto (1754), Accademia dell’Emonia di Busseto (1754), Accademia degli Erranti di Fermo (1755), Accademia degli amanti della Botenica di Cortona (1758), Accademia Fulginia di Foligno (1760 and 1761), Accademia dei Teopneusti di Correggio (1763), and Accademia dei Placidi di Recanati (1774).

Laura was well acquainted with classical literature, as well as with the literature of France and Italy.

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